Laboratory Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Laboratory Report - Essay Example Question 4: In this example of the elbow flexion unloading response (i.e. the task performed during the laboratory), state the muscle from which the data from sheet 1 was recorded, and whether the weight was removed unexpectedly or was self-removed by the subject. What was the latency of the response Answer: The data from sheet 1 showed the elbow flexion unloading response of the biceps. The weight was self- removed as we observed the reduced EMG activity of the biceps, starting before the onset of the unloading. The latency time is about 50 milliseconds. Question 5: Based on evidence from the laboratory and/or the literature, explain the major reflex pathway that causes the reduction in agonist EMG in the unexpected unloading response. Include the series of neural events from just prior to the release of the weight until the end of the first agonist (biceps) response. Answer: Anticipation in the postural domain is an example of the ability of the CNS to predict the consequence of the mechanical effect of movement on posture and helps minimize a forthcoming disturbance. A classical example was provided by the pioneer work of Belenkiy et al. (1967). They showed that, during arm raising while standing, the prime mover activity in the biceps brachii was preceded by an activation of a leg muscle, the biceps femoris, starting 100 ms before the movement onset.

Remote Monitoring and Control System Essay Example for Free

Remote Monitoring and Control System Essay Remote Monitoring and Controlling System Based on ZigBee Networks Soyoung Hwang and Donghui Yu* Department of Multimedia Engineering, Catholic University of Pusan, South Korea {soyoung, dhyu}@cup.ac.kr Abstract Thanks to the rapid development of information technology and the growth of the Internet through high speed networks, network environments have even been changed from office oriented environments based on business industries and public institutions to the interconnection of digital electronics in home networks. Home network based applications are very diverse and the remote monitoring and control areas have been studied. Recently, ZigBee has become one of the most promising technologies for home networks. ZigBee is a specification for a suite of networking, security and application software layers using small, low-power, low data rate communication technology based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard for personal area networks. Moreover, owing to the rapid growth of mobile technology, highperformance smartphones are widespread and in increasing cases are utilized as a terminal device. In this paper, we propose the design and implementation of a remote monitoring and controlling system using ZigBee networks. This system targets a home network. Web services and a smartphone are used for the client system to monitor and control the home. Keywords: remote monitoring, ZigBee networks, remote control, smartphone, web service 1. Introduction Thanks to the rapid development of information technology and growth of the Internet through high speed networks, network environments have even been changed from office oriented environments based on business industries and public institutions to the interconnection of digital electronics in the home networks. Home network based applications are very diverse and the remote monitoring and control areas have been studied. Recently, ZigBee has become one of the most promising technologies for home networks. ZigBee is a specification for a suite of networking, security and application software layers using small, low-power, low data rate communication technology based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard for personal area networks. There have been various studies on ZigBee based home networks. To realize remote home automation based on ZigBee, implementation issues of home gateway and device nodes are proposed in [1]. It presents hardware platform consideration and software implementation for each of them. Similarly, hardware design issues are discussed for various home devices such as wireless communications transceiver modules base, USB expansion base and control switches for electrical appliances in a room [2]. Also, an effective architecture for dynamic integration of ad hoc ZigBee home network devices into OSGi (Open Service Gateway Initiative)-based home gateways is discussed. An ad hoc ZigBee home network device is represented by a device proxy service in the proposed architecture so that it can be dynamically registered, discovered, accessed and unregistered just like a common OSGi service [3]. [4] gives a way to construct ZigBee wireless sensor networks and implement remote monitoring and control by a GSM module. [5] describes the structure composition of the smar t home system based on ZigBee and gives a system design concept and implementation approach. Moreover, owing to the rapid growth of mobile technology, highperformance smartphones are widespread and in increasing cases they are utilized as a terminal device. In this paper, we propose design and implementation of a remote monitoring and controlling system using ZigBee networks. This system is targeting the home network. Web service and a smartphone are used for the client system to monitor and control the home. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee specifications are discussed as background technologies. Section 3 describes design issues of remote monitoring and controlling systems. Next, implementation results are included in Section 4. Finally, we conclude this paper in Section 5. 2. Background Technologies 2.1. IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15 is a working group for the standardization of WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network). IEEE 802.15.4 is one of the seven task groups which are included in it. The first edition of the 802.15.4 standard was released in May 2003. IEEE 802.15.4 specifies the physical layer (PHY) and media access control (MAC) for low-rate WPAN. WPANs are used to convey information over relatively short distances. It focuses on low-cost, low-speed ubiquitous communication between devices. Unlike wireless local area networks (WLANs), connections effected via WPANs involve little or no infrastructure. This feature allows small, power-efficient, inexpensive solutions to be implemented for a wide range of devices. The basic framework conceives a 10-meter communication range with a transfer rate of 250 kbit/s. Important features include real-time suitability by reservation of guaranteed time slots, collision avoidance through CSMA/CA and integrated support for secure communications. Devices also include power management functions such as link quality and energy detection [6]. Several standardized and proprietary network layer protocols run over 802.15.4-based networks, including IEEE 802.15.5, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, Wireless HART, and ISA100.11a. Potential application areas include the following: sensors, actuators, interactive toys, remote control, industry networks, home automation and so on. 2.2. ZigBee ZigBee is a standards-based technology that addresses the unique requirements of most remote monitoring and control and sensory network applications. ZigBee builds upon the physical layer and medium access control defined in IEEE 802.15.4 for low-rate WPANs. The specification goes on to complete the standard by adding four main components: network layer, application layer, ZigBee device objects (ZDOs) and manufacturer defined application objects which allow for customization and favor total integration. The initial markets for ZigBee included Consumer Electronics, Energy Management and Efficiency, Health Care, Home Automation, Telecommunication Services, Building Automation, and Industrial Automation. The core ZigBee specifications define smart, costeffective and energy-efficient mesh networks. It is a self-configuring, self-healing system of redundant, low-cost, very low-power nodes. ZigBee is available as two feature sets, ZigBee PRO and ZigBee. Both feature sets define how the ZigBee mesh networks operate [7]. 2.3. Home Network Technologies A home network is a residential local area network (LAN) for communication between digital devices typically deployed in the home, usually a small number of personal computers and accessories, mobile computing devices, mobile phones, digital TVs, PDAs and so on. An important function is the sharing of Internet access, often a broadband service provisioned by fiber-to-the-home or via Cable Internet access, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or mobile broadband by Internet service providers (ISPs). In a broader sense, it includes software and services for integration and operation of information appliances in addition to wired or wireless network devices. Home networking technologies can be classified into two kinds: wired and wireless. The telephone, power-line, Ethernet and IEEE 1394 exist as wired home network technologies. As wireless home network technologies, wireless LAN, HomeRF, HyperLAN, Bluetooth, UWB (Ultra Wide Band) and ZigBee are representative. Since wireless networking solutions based on the spread of mobile devices have emerged they can be applied to home networks also. 3. Design of Remote Monitoring and Controlling System This section deals with the design of remote monitoring and controlling systems. To design a system, we considered a home automation network. The system architecture is presented in Figure 1. Figure 1. System Architecture The system consists of a real-time home monitoring sub-system and a light control subsystem. A home server with a home camera caters for home status through video to client. It also works as a home gateway to provide interoperability between the heterogeneous ZigBee and Internet and local and remote control over the home’s light devices through the light control sub-system. A client can access the home server through a web service or smartphone. The client can monitor home status through a real-time monitoring sub-system and control the lights through the 3.1. Real-time Monitoring Sub-system The real-time monitoring sub-system captures images of the area of the home to be monitored and serves the client who accesses the server through the web or a smartphone. Figure 2. Operation Processes of Real-time Monitoring Sub-system Figure 2 shows the operation process of the real-time monitoring sub-system. The server finds a video device and captures images. Then, it generates captured data and transforms the data format for RTP communication. After that, it generates the session manager and streams media data to the client. A client using the web or a smartphone generates the session manager and connects to the server. Then, it receives media data and displays the video. In this way, the client can monitor the in-home status in real-time. 3.2. Light Control Sub-system Light control sub-system is composed of a server which works as a gateway, ZigBee coordinator, end-device, switch node and a light as shown in Figure 3. The operation of the sub-system is as follows. ï‚Ÿ A client program maintains a user interface which contains an on/off control panel. ï‚Ÿ A server which works as a gateway receives control commands from the client and relays the command to the ZigBee coordinator through the RS-232C serial communication. ï‚Ÿ The coordinator relays the control command which is received form the server to the end device through RF communication. ï‚Ÿ The end device receives the command from the coordinator and controls the port of the switch node. The switch node controls the switch of the light. ZigBee based remote controlling can be applied in several ways. In this paper, we considered a simple light control and adopted it for a remote control sub-system. 4. Implementation Results In this section we discuss implementation results of a real-time remote monitoring and controlling system. The server contains a web-cam and the monitoring and controlling programs are implemented using Java. Web-based remote monitoring with video capture, data encoding and RTP communication are implemented using JMF (Java Media Framework) which is a multimedia extension API of Java. A client using web service can access the server after user authentication. Of the ZigBee networks, we use two Chipcon CC2420DB evaluation boards with CC2420s (IEEE 802.15.4 radios) accompanying Z-Stack [8, 9, 10]. One is configured as a coordinator and the other is configured as an end-device. When the coordinator starts, it initializes all internal ports and waits for control commands from the home server. If the home server sends a control command to the coordinator through the serial communication, the coordinator receives the command and sends it directly to the end-device through RF communication. The end device receives the control command from the coordinator and controls the switch node. Figure 4. Implementation Result using Web Service Figure 4 shows the implementation results using web service. A client can access the server after user log-in. The client can monitor the rooms status and control the lights. In the figure, the client turns off the light. The implementation results using a smartphone are shown in figure 5. The client program is implemented on the android platform. Figure 5. Implementation Result using Smartphone As shown in the results, a client can monitor the in-home status in real-time and send light control commands using the control button on the smartphone. 5. Concluding Remarks Recently, the home environment has seen a rapid introduction of networked digital technology. This technology offers new and exciting opportunities to increase the connectivity of devices within the home for the purpose of home automation. Moreover, with the rapid expansion of the Internet, there is the added potential for the remote control and monitoring of such networked devices. ZigBee has become one of the most promising technologies for home networks. ZigBee is a specification for a suite of networking, security and application software layers using small, low-power, low data rate communication technology based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard for personal area networks. Moreover, owing to the rapid growth of mobile technology, highperformance smartphones are widespread and in increasing cases they are being utilized as a terminal device. This paper proposes design and implementation of a remote monitoring and controlling system based on ZigBee networks. Real-time remote monitoring is implemented with JMF which is a multimedia extension API of Java. The remote controlling is implemented using ZigBee networks. The client program in a smartphone is implemented on the android platform. Clients can monitor their homes and send light control commands using the web or a smartphone. This system can be applied in many areas such as elderly protecting systems, cultural heritage or forest fire monitoring systems, managing systems for agricultural cultivation and so on. As a future work, we consider expansion of the system using various sensors and actuators. References [1] Z. Shunyang X. Du, J. Yongping and W. Riming, â€Å"Realization of Home Remote Control Network Based on ZigBee†, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Electronic Measurement and Instruments, (2007), August 16-18, Xian, China. [2] A Fang, X. Xu, W. Yang and L. Zhang, â€Å"The Realization of Intelligent Home by ZigBee Wireless Network Technology†, Proceedings of the 2009 Pacific-Asia Conference on Circuit, Communications and System, (2009), May 16-17, Chengdu, China. [3] Y. Ha, â€Å"Dynamic Integration of Zigbee Home Networks into Home Gateways Using OSGi Service Registry†, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, (2009). [4] J. W. H. Qin, â€Å"The Design of Wireless Intelligent Home System Base on ZigBee†, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Communication Technology, (2008), November 10-12, Hangzhou, China. [5] D. Yan and Z. Dan, â€Å"ZigBee-based Smart Home System Design†, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering, (2010), August 20-22, Chengdu, China. [6] IEEE 802.15.4: Wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY)specification for low-rate wireless personal area networks (WPANs), (2006). [7] ZigBee Specification,(2008), Document 053474r17,ZigBee Alliance. [8] Figure 8 Wireless, ZigBee Implementer’s Guide, (2005). [9] Figure 8 Wireless, Z-Stack User’s Guide for the CC2420DB Board, (2005). [10] Figure 8 Wireless, Z-Stack/Z-Tool Serial Port Interface, (2005).

Death of a Salesman Structure Metaphoric Language and Theme Essays

Death of a Salesman Structure Metaphoric Language and Theme In looking at the characteristics of the tragic hero, it can be see that Willy Loman is not a tragic hero but a victim of a false idealistic pursuit of the â€Å"American Dream†. Willy strives to become and instill in his sons the success of the self made man that American society often advertises but ultimately falls short, and instead, escapes accepting his failure through lies and death. What many flaws Willy possesses, most do not correlate with the classic tragic hero. Willy Loman, was never really of noble stature, as was summed up by Linda, the person who knew him best. â€Å" Willy Loman never made a lot of money. His name was never in the paper. He’s not the finest character that ever lived.† Willy’s harmartia was his obsession with the false American Dream that caused him to become delusional and totally blind of his actual situation. If this is so, then he cannot he commit a true and calculated error of judgment and then his downfall is due to an overriding irrepressible mental condition which cancels his own fault in his downfall. His delusional state of mind blurs reality and causes him to never accept or understand who he is or his downfall erasing any notion that he experienced an epiphany of any sort. In fact, it can be said that he dragged one of his sons with him. In front of Willy’s grave Happy vows to continue Willy’s dream. â€Å" He had a good dream. It’s the only dream you can have- to come out the number-one man. He fought it out here, and this is where I’m gonna win it for him.† Willy Loman is an example of the middle class man caught as a victim of society where the odds are against him, a â€Å"has-been†. As a victim he unwillingly suppressed hi... ...t, but Ben is also dead. Willy’s father went off to Alaska to find wealth but also ended up dead. In the â€Å"Requiem†, Happy vows to finish what his father started and therefore following in his footsteps, â€Å"I’m gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vain.† He ends the proclamation with, â€Å"I’m gonna win it for him.† Three people with the same goal, economic success and freedom, with what can be assumed the same outcome, death. Alternatively, the story of David Singleman acts as an oracle in the way that it foreshadows Willy’s death, â€Å"- and by the way he died the death of a salesman.† Within the past, present and future actions of characters the effects of a preordained outcome are clearly visible. By looking at character relations and incorporating old techniques with more modern ones a dark pattern of design looms over the Loman family.

The Great Gatsby : The American Dream :: essays research papers

In The Great Gatsby, one of the predominant themes is the death of thee American dream. In this, F. Scott Fitzgerald is showing how the American dream has become corrupt and that the dream is dead.. The Great Gatsby took place in the roaring twenties. A time when man no longer found happiness in simple pleasures like he did once such as life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. This is when the first breakdown in the American dream occurred. The idealization of the American dream was over, people took what they were born with for granted and did not miss what the never had. Things that the dream stood for such, as life was not an issue that people talked about. There was an unspoken silence of live and let live even though there was vast amounts of discrimination. Liberty, a thing taken for granted since all born on American soil are free men and women, thus no one cherishes that part of the dream either. The pursuit of happiness is befuddling. Daisy makes this clear by saying 'Your revolting'; to tom. Obviously she's unhappy with tom yet she wont leave him for Gatsby. Daisy made this clear when Gatsby gave her the ring and she wouldn't ware it. And she said 'be my friend, be my lover'; meaning she wanted him yet she wanted her life of flirting with the in crowd more then she loved Gatsby. However this is a generation that is comparable to our generation x children in how lazy they were. The roaring twenties was an era off sophistication, technology and leisure. People had what they had ant what they didn't the lived with out. The American dream itself is idealized. It was first thought of during the American Revolution as a way to keep spirits up. The motto, life liberty and the pursuit of happiness is not by any means a dream but an aspect of a way to make a certain reality for oneself. Then as time went on, the time period to actually make this dream a reality was passed over, people no longer lived a hard life or struggled for freedom. So the dream itself got left behind. We idealized it and later in the roaring twenties, that idealization was recognized by F Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby was Fitzgerald's cry out to the American people. A metaphor intended to make people aware that they had forgotten about the true pleasures in life and that they were wrapped up in the material world.

Laptops replace textbook Essay

The initial reaction to this question by many people is, â€Å"What a ridiculous question!† However, there are many key issues to consider, like cost, ease of use (is the computer screen too hard on our eyes for extensive reading?), maintenance and repair (if students carry them from class to class, will they break?), but most importantly, student learning (what is the best way to help students learn?). In order to come to a conclusion on the subject, all of these issues must be explored. Cost First let’s look at cost. Publishers can create a CD of their textbooks, and at a greatly reduced price because there is no need for paper, printing and binding. However the costs can be spread to the purchasers in other ways. The need for the technology to use the CDs is the largest expense. However, most districts spend money on technology already, and with the purchase of a laptop for each student, the need for computer labs should eventually become minimal or obsolete as laptops are purchased. This should be considered when looking at costs of purchasing laptops and text CDs. Another side effect of giving, renting or requiring student purchase of laptops is that other computer functions like word processing and PowerPoint should be included with the initial purchase, and all students will have similar ability to access programs to complete homework assignments. Reading a computer screen can be difficult for long expanses of text, so I think that the cost of printing saved by the publishers will be passed on to the owner of the printer to which student computers are connected, though the cost will be considerably less than binding a textbook. Some students may not be organized in keeping pages in order, or throw away the chapters after they are finished, so if students want to refer to the book in the future, they may find a need to reprint parts of the book. Paper will inevitably be wasted. The actual cost difference may be hard to discern, but it is likely that a laptop with digital text combination, in the end, will be more expensive. The question is, what are the priorities of the school district? Should school districts sacrifice student learning in the interest of a cost savings? Some computer companies offer special programs, or quantity discounts. Some districts may require parents to purchase laptops. Henrico County Public Schools in ia, offers insurance on laptops, which the school system owns, to parents for $50. Tracy Unified School District in California at their charter school, Discovery Charter School, has implemented a laptop program, and replaced their textbooks with laptops for 20% more than the cost of textbooks. They expect the costs to decrease because, in the future, they will only need to replace laptops that are broken, and purchase new discs for their textbooks Ease of use Next, consider ease of use. If a school can hook up a wireless network, students should be able to access online sources from most places in the school, including study hall. Teachers should no longer hear that students could not get into the library or lab to complete assignments, and students will be free to explore the ability of the technology more completely. In fact, teachers may find themselves changing their method of teaching to best utilize the technology. Schools that implement a laptop program should employ technology people to teach students and teachers how to use them, to maintain the machines, as well as keep networks in order. This is very important to help minimize frustration on the part of students and teachers. It is very frustrating to have a lesson planned and not be able to go forward because things out of your control are not working properly. Student learning Student learning is the most important thing to consider when deciding teaching methods. Laptop computers allow for more interactivity with subjects by using multimedia methods. Publishers Holt, Rinehart and Winston show concepts like photosynthesis using animation which enhances printed words on the subject. Students can also reach WebQuests and other simulations such as frog dissections on the Internet. Students can create projects using PowerPoint and many other programs to illustrate what they have learned. All these things support a constructivist atmosphere which has been shown to enhance learning. Pros and cons A good way to analyze the question is to create a list of pros and cons on the subject. In the category of pros: The ability to replace outdated and incorrect information quickly and inexpensively. Computer literacy, which can be important in the job world, becomes second nature to students who have constant access to a computer. Interactivity is enhanced with laptops and a constructivist atmosphere is fostered. Use of laptops allow a student led atmosphere by instituting a more project-based method of learning, also promoting a constructivist atmosphere. Concepts are easier to grasp when presented in a multimedia way. A laptop for each student builds a bridge across the digital divide. Giving students an expensive piece of equipment encourages responsibility for the equipment. Many students and teachers who have been part of laptop programs in schools report increased organization capability. Students can â€Å"trade† places with teachers, offering new information that was not known to the teacher or class, fostering a sense of pride and self-esteem. Some texts offer students the ability to highlight and annotate while studying. Teachers in laptop schools report that students create longer and more well written assignments because they need not use resource books to locate spelling and grammar mistakes. Students report that they learn about writing styles better because of the instantaneous corrections. If the district uses digital texts, students will not need to carry huge and heavy textbooks from class to class. Backpacks will be lighter and damage to spines will be less likely. Students also may need to spend less time in their lockers. The cons are not as numerous, but contain more â€Å"weighty† items: The possibility of theft (will the laptops make students a target?) Breakage and maintenance are expensive and can cause students to lose time on projects. The laptops themselves are expensive, although some vendors offer huge discounts to schools and for quantities purchased. There is a need to have a good connection to the Internet, preferably a wireless one. The teachers must be on board, or they will not utilize the laptops and the resource will be wasted (and the money spent will be wasted). Plagiarism is a greater temptation with easier access to the Internet. Students may become distracted and get off task more easily. Technology failure, of all types. In fact, on a survey given to teachers at Piscataquis Community High School in Maine on their One-to-One Laptop Program, there were only three main complaints after two years of involvement in the program: 1) Laptops causing distractions, 2) inappropriate use of the computers, and 3) technology failure. One perspective to consider is that when school districts buy textbooks, students have a few activities they can accomplish using them. They can read and study to learn. They may find practice quizzes and further resources in textbooks but they must take the initiative to go to the library, or search for information, and grade their quizzes. The functions of a textbook are few, though important. When a school districts buys a laptop and digital information for a student, the student finds him/herself able to not only read and study to learn, but able to fully synthesize the information with interactive quizzes, and links for further information, as well as an ability to produce a paper or other end product. Students will not need to have a computer at home, or visit a public library or computer lab to complete their assignments. As well, all students will be using the same programs. The most useful places to find information about laptop programs is from schools that have implemented them for three years or more, so the Hawthorne affect has diminished, since most of them have been in the news, studied or scrutinized in some way. Also by then, the novelty of using new technology, which can inspire students to study more, has worn off. In Maine, standardized test scores for eighth graders have been only slightly elevated or the same over non-laptop schools. In an article by Andrew Speyer called â€Å"Technology in Schools: Why Laptops?†, Mr. Speyer states that â€Å"A laptop in a classroom will not result in students having higher SAT scores. It will not guarantee that students will have higher grades, better attention, or learn the daily material more completely. . . Control will shift from a teacher-based experience to a collaborative experience. If there is any single argument for the use of laptops in a classroom this would be it.† Even with no significant improvement in scores, laptops are still worth having because they support constructivist methods, which has been shown to improve learning. In fact, the question that arises in the newest literature is not â€Å"Should schools use laptop computers?†, but â€Å"Can hand helds replace laptops?† Conclusion Laptops can not only replace textbooks, but can enhance student learning overall. Using computers on a consistent basis can move a classroom toward a more collaborative method of learning. With laptops students would be  able to have access to the Internet for research, word processing, and PowerPoint programs anytime, even in study hall. If a school district can take the money they would normally spend on textbooks and add some of their technology money, they may be able to achieve a goal of providing a laptop computer for each student over time. Even if standardized test scores remain the same, there are still advantages to having a laptop for each student. Regular Ed students write longer, more complete assignments, possibly due to ease the of using word processing and better resource searching ability. Buying laptops and digital textbooks may be a huge step to take, but a district may be able to work their way into them slowly by introducing laptops a grade level at a time, or in various other ways. If the goal of the district is to maximize student learning, individual laptops may be a good way to do it. Laptop learning supports constructivist activities, which have been shown to improve learning. Activities which students have a say in choosing for themselves, and choosing their own methods to complete, allow them to become more enthusiastic and involved with their learning. They can become more like partners in their own learning, rather than fairly inactive absorbers. With a laptop a complete project can be accomplished, but with a textbook, only half of a project can be accomplished. AUTHOR: Alisa Humphrey References Curtis, D. (2003, December 16). The Maine Event. Edutopia Online. Retrieved October 10, 2004 from http://www.glef.org/php/article.php?id=Art_1119. Chapman, G. (1998, June 15). Push to trade class textbooks for laptop PCs is a misuse of technology. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 6, 2004 from http://www.utexas.edu/lbj/21cp/laptops.htm. Cook, G. (2002, July). Laptop Learning. ASJB.com. 189 (7). Retrieved October 9, 2004 from http://www.asbj.com/2002/07/0702coverstory.html. Harris, Walter J. & Smith, Lori. (February 2004). Laptop use by seventh grade students with disabilities: Perceptions of special education teachers. Maine Education P

Intrusive Misuse of Colons

Intrusive Misuse of Colons Intrusive Misuse of Colons Intrusive Misuse of Colons By Mark Nichol Writers often mistakenly introduce intrusive â€Å"colonization† where it is not necessarily. In each of the following examples, as explained in the discussion, the colon is superfluous. 1. Smith was invited to give the presentation: â€Å"Global Development and Global Practices.† â€Å"The presentation† and the title of the presentation are appositive- one is equivalent to the other, just as in â€Å"global-development expert John Smith,† the person’s description and his name are appositive- and no intervening punctuation is necessary: â€Å"Smith was invited to give the presentation â€Å"Global Development and Global Practices.† (If the presentation previously was alluded to and is now being specified, set the title off from the first part of the sentence with a comma: â€Å"Smith was invited to give the presentation, â€Å"Global Development and Global Practices,† but otherwise do not replace the colon with a comma. Also, if the wording is â€Å"Smith was invited to give a presentation on the topic of . . .,† the description of the topic is just that- a description- and should be lowercase and not enclosed in quotation marks. 2. An effective compliance program will include: governance and management oversight, policies and procedures, training, monitoring, quality control, and independent audit. When include or includes (or â€Å"consist/consists of† or a similar word) precedes a list, a colon is superfluous, just as it would be between any verb and any single noun or noun phrase associated with the verb. This is true whether the information is presented as an in-line list (meaning that it is integrated into the sentence, as here) or it is formatted vertically, one item on a line, whether as is or set off with bullets or numbers: â€Å"An effective compliance program will include governance and management oversight, policies and procedures, training, monitoring, quality control, and independent audit.† (An exception is if what precedes the list is an independent clause, such as â€Å"An effective compliance program will include the following.†) 3. Management is secure in the knowledge that it: has considered all plausible scenarios, understands the organization’s breakpoint in the event of extreme scenarios, and has effective contingency-response plans in place. The point of the previous example is true regardless of whether a verb precedes the colon or, because each item in the in-line or vertical list begins with a verb, the colon follows a word representing another part of speech; the fact that a sentence is more extensive and complex than if it had essentially a one-item list (for example, â€Å"Management is secure in the knowledge that it has considered all plausible scenarios†) is irrelevant: â€Å"Management is secure in the knowledge that it has considered all plausible scenarios, understands the organization’s breakpoint in the event of extreme scenarios, and has effective contingency-response plans in place.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Does [sic] Mean?The Writing ProcessWriting a Thank You Note

buy custom She Loves a Challenge essay

buy custom She Loves a Challenge essay 1. The four stages of team development included: (a) solving employees private issues; (b) solving employees collective issues; (c) implementation of new rules and motivation; (d) the continuity of the system, promoted by old workers with changed models of collective action. According to Tuckmans teamwork theory, they can be defined as forming, storming, norming, and performing respectively (The Happy Manager, n.d.). The first stage included one-to-one sessions with each employee that was aimed at revealing personal motives and principles of interaction with the rest of the staff. The director explained the above-mentioned as a difficult start with the purpose of changing personal attitudes. The second stage required the confrontation of employees altogether to ensure revealing, discussing and eliminating the basis for future confrontations. The aim of this stage was explained clearly and honestly. The director agreed that it was an extremely difficult task, but it was also of crucia l importance for future collective interaction in a positive way. The next stage was about the implementation of the new rules, which excluded potential threats of conflict behavior. The rules were explained in a strict manner, though by motivation of the staff followed it. Overall, this stage of team development is characterized as implementing new principles of collective conduct, shifting accents from I/me to us/we. The director reasoned that unity of action and thought at work provides a positive-thinking environment that enhances the productivity. The last stage was the succession of a new paradigm of collective action. This time, old employees with brand new model of cooperative interaction were sharing it with individuals that wanted to fit this system. Thus, the circle of succession was closed and the new model became fixed and permanent. 2. In this case, the directors strategy affected team spirit and team work. These notions are different because team spirit mainly means the characteristic of psychological atmosphere of the staff, whereas teamwork is the process of collaborative completing the task in order to achieve the set goal (How to Build, n.d.). If every individual from the staff shares collective values and appreciates the views of ones colleagues without confronting them, such staff can be characterized as the one that has team spirit. Organizations can experience serious troubles while lacking team spirit. Even a well-organized and planned venture may fail its objectives without the commitment of the team behind it. Building team spirit is about engaging the emotions of the team members (How to Build, n.d.). In its turn, team-work is the process affected by the existence of the team spirit. When every individual trusts his or her colleagues, it will assist an effective teamwork. Thus, a team is more than a group of people, aimed at the achievement of a collective goal. It is a group of people, which strength is based on the relationships among team members. Members of such group are interdependent. An ideal team is characterized by the feedback and communication behaviors of its members, their behavior and conduct courtesies, and their ways of approaching tasks and problems (Nazzaro Starazzabosco, 2009). This particular case has stressed team spirit in order to change it and improve the characteristics of the teamwork. 3. MBWA is a practice of team building that has full name as Management By Wandering Around, or Management By Walking About. This concept includes approaches aimed at active interaction of a director or a staff manager with his or her team. Experts say this practice can increase the potential of a team through the influences on staff approachability, trust, business knowledge, accountability, morale and productivity (Management By Wandering Around, n.d.). All in all, this practice makes a director an active member of the life of ones staff, providing him or her with persistent contact with the team. In connection to the studied case, such choice of a management approach by the director serves as evidence that she is an open-minded person, willing to take part in daily life of her team and be able to assist it whenever there is a need. The case also serves as an example of great teambuilding skills the director has. Judging from the presented case, one may assume the results of the ab ove-mentioned approach were extremely productive as it was supported by the evidence. The director observed positive effect of her methods of teambuilding: employees seemed to become closer together, all sources of confrontations were excluded, and the staff worked according to the new principles of work. 4. Dr. Shaheen used various methods for motivating her employees. Her usual accent was on the unproductiveness of selfish behavior while being a part of a team. The behavior of the director in this sense goes along with McClellands theory of learned needs. According to this approach, a person is led by three motivation factors in ones life: achievement, affiliation, and power (McClellands Human Motivation Theory, n.d.). Dr. Shaheen first referred to achievement, stating that the team is to successfully achieve its tasks and be productive. Then, she shifted to affiliation, applying to the fact that hand-in-hand work provides a great experience of cooperation. Power was mentioned the last, insisting that a united team can achieve greater goals than a usual group of people. Thus, the director used a comprehensive method of motivating her team. Another positive fact about her approach is that she did not try to motivate the team with money. Motivation by material things has a short-term perspective, but more important goals and challenges need a ground that is more stable than finance. More than that, the question of difference in wages may lead to confrontation of one member of a team with another. If I happened to be a consultant observing Dr. Shaheens performance, I would advise her to conduct sociometric studies from time to time. I believe that this procedure would add more objective information concerning the relations inside the team because sociometric measurement methods give insights about an individuals social competence and standing within an examined group (Busse, 2009). Such analysis would make it possible to ensure minor corrections in the attitudes of team members towards each other. Buy custom She Loves a Challenge essay

How to Make Your Own Baking Powder at Home

How to Make Your Own Baking Powder at Home You can make baking powder yourself using other common kitchen ingredients. Heres a simple homemade recipe you can use in place of commercial baking powder for cooking. Baking Powder Ingredients 2 teaspoons cream of tartar (potassium bitartrate)1 teaspoon baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) Using Baking Powder Baking powder produces bubbles that cause baked goods to rise by making carbon dioxide gas as soon as the dry and wet ingredients are mixed. Ensure success by preheating your oven. Dont overmix your ingredients or wait to bake your recipe or the bubbles may have a chance to dissipate, causing your recipe to fall flat. Storing Homemade Baking Powder The homemade baking powder will clump together if it isnt used right away, but you can prevent this by adding 1 teaspoon of cornstarch to the baking powder mixture. Store the baking powder in an airtight container. Commercial baking powder preparations often contain undesirable ingredients (such as aluminum compounds). By making your own baking powder, youll have complete control over your ingredients. You can test the baking powder before using it to make sure it is still fresh.

Public Relation Sector Feasibility Study on the Gulf Region Research Paper

Public Relation Sector Feasibility Study on the Gulf Region - Research Paper Example has grown over the years in the gulf region, being useful in sectors like charity and consultancy, where firms are seeking to build their image in the eyes of the public and make the most out of public relations. This report attempts to identify the correlation between the charity sector and public relation for the consultancy sector exemplifying their potential as a career option for practitioner using sector analysis. Although the size of the public relations in the charitable sector is currently small in the Gulf region with 78 nonprofit organizations (Özbilgin & Healy, 2003, p. 23), there are notable trends that point out to the increasing size and the need for public relations in this sector. The current small size may be owed to the previous notions that undermined the role of public relations in charity. Many organizations relied on crude means of publicizing their communications, instead of employing professional services to cater for such needs (Benthall & Bellion-Jourdan, 2003, p. 34). However, the art of public relations has been popular in the last decade and is increasingly used by most organizations. The value of public relations in the sector is enormous and there is increasing need to build good relationships as well as foster cooperation with other players in the industry (Hitchins, 2006). In the Gulf region, charity organizations need to employ strategic public relations as a means through which they communicate their valuable information to the public to help them understand what the organization does, its missions and objectives. One of the major players in the industry is Charity PR, an organization geared towards popularizing the art of public relations in charity organizations, as well as addressing key challenges that have faced the sector in the last few years. The key stakeholders the run the charity sector in public relation include government through agencies, the nonprofits organizations, public benefit authorities (PBA) and private

A Case of Morphing Legal Changes in China Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A of Morphing Legal Changes in China - Case Study Example I would also be prepared to be knowledgeable on business laws and regulations, particularly those that pertain to sensitive areas that could endanger my professional competence and capabilities to implement organizational strategies. Finally, I will be very careful in dealing with other stakeholders, especially officials from the Chinese Steel Industry and ensure transparency, honesty and integrity in all undertakings, with due support and validations of all correspondences, as required. As a high-potential rising star manager within Rio Tinto, after what happened to the other executives in China, I would not take the position for personal and professional safety. Although China was deemed the company’s biggest customer, its previous image of morphing legal cases prove to be detrimental to one’s professional goal for advancement. The costs and risks of being assigned to China far outweighs the benefits of being assigned there. As the CEO of Rio Tinto, I would ensure that all managers who are eyed to be capable and competent for positions in China must be culturally and legally adept with their business protocols and practices; as well as their legal laws pertaining to managing an organization. Thereby, before sending any executives to China, I would instruct training, orientation, and comprehensive understanding of ethical, moral and legal standards of operating, managing and running a business in the local Chinese setting. Further, I would clearly emphasize to the executives to avoid any confrontations that could lead to legal disputes. Based on the new information, my answers to questions 1, 2 and 3 would not change. Any new information should first be verified as to its accuracy, reliability and veracity. If there are truths to the allegations that any of the executives were instrumental in inflating iron ore prices and in

Insurance Fraud-Busting System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Insurance Fraud-Busting System - Essay Example There are two case studies which were referenced within this current assignment. One is a case involving an insurance claim to replace a computer network, after a company experienced an unexpected energy surge. The second involved a woman who had unnecessary dental work, after an unethical dentist advised her that she needed filings. Both of these instances are, unfortunately, not uncommon these days. An additional insurance scam that I am familiar with is one involving chiropractors. A relatively healthy person will visit a chiropractor’s office and receive multiple chiropractic adjustments and massages. The patient, in many cases, will not pay any out-of-pocket costs for these services. Instead, the chiropractor will claim that the person has a problem and is in need of constant care. The office assistant will bill the insurance company for each visit made by the patient. The patient enjoys multiple massages and chiropractic adjustments for however many visits the health ins urance allows. The reason why this is a fraud is because it is expressly stated within the policy that a patient must have a legitimate medical condition and be in need of treatment, in order to receive benefits. This type of fraud is rampant as well. Still there are other insurance scams that many people are familiar with. Some people stage car accidents or leave their own keys in the car so that it will be stolen. Others fake an accident at work so that they can file a worker’s compensation claim and/or file for short/long-term disability. All false claims have a profit motive of some type. If the claim is not filed for actual cash, the purpose of the claim may be to replace a valuable damaged item. The attitude of Americans towards fraud is disheartening. On the Coalition Against Insurance Fraud website, there is a statistic cited from a survey conducted by Accenture Ltd, that â€Å"one of four Americans say it’s ok to defraud insurers† (Accenture, 2002). Ano ther study, cited on the same website by Progressive Insurance, stated that â€Å"Nearly one of 10 Americans would commit insurance fraud if they knew they could get away with it. Nearly three of 10 Americans (29 percent) wouldn't report insurance scams committed by someone they know† (NICB, 2011). This is a startling statement of American lack of morality. The proceeding information leads to a very important question. How do insurance companies combat fraud at the present time? Most insurance companies have an in-house Special Investigation Units (SIU). They normally seek to hire those with a law enforcement background for such positions. These groups are specifically tasked with attempting to uncover and investigate cases of fraud, specifically as it relates to claims filed through the insurance company. The group specifically will look for holes in a customer’s story. If there was an auto accident, for example, and both parties’ statements do not match, this can raise a red flag.

English Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

English Class - Essay Example The piece is evidently written in the past tense recalling the young Langston bowed on the mourning benches in his wishful attempt to see Jesus, but resorting to lie after failing to do so. The expressions of remorse after the event ended and young Langston’s loss of faith are also written from Old Langston’s perspective. The concluding paragraph further reinforces the fact that the story is indeed written from a man’s perspective as opposed to a boy’s perspective when it states â€Å"†¦ for I was a big boy twelve years old †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Langston). Some people believe that â€Å"Salvation† was written as a part of Langston Hughes’ autobiography â€Å"The Big Sea† (Carrillo). However, the biography holds but an excerpt of the response Langston obtained from his story â€Å"Salvation†. His style of narrating his memory about the events at church allows the reader to relate to his story and evaluate the writer accordingly. It feels as though â€Å"Salvation† is a window to Langston Hughes’ life through which he let the readers learn from and intrude upon his youth. It gives the reader a feeling of knowing the author personally. â€Å"Salvation† seems to be an autobiographical piece through which Langston Hughes has shared his experiences and declared how events had molded his journey through

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Strategic Management - Essay Example Based on the industrial analysis, it presents which the position in the industrial life cycle in which it belongs. Focusing on the opportunities and threats emerging from the industry analysis and the present position in the industrial life cycle where it belongs, the project makes an analysis of the future outlook of the company. It presents the future strategies that the company should resort to. Secondly, it makes a competitive analysis of the industry also. This is done using the Porters’ Forces Model which emphasizes on the factors like the suppliers and the buyers bargaining powers, the threat of new entrants, the entry of substitute products and services in the industry and the existing competition between the rival firms. About the Company HSBC is considered one of the largest financial and banking services providers in the world. The company’s international network is comprised of 7500 offices across 87 nations in Europe, Asia Pacific, America, Middle East and Africa. The company serves more than 100 million customers through its wide range of financial services. Among its major services are Commercial Banking, Personal Financial Services, Global Banking and markets and finally, Private Banking. It is listed in the stock exchanges of London, Paris, New York, Hong Kong, and Bermuda. The company holdings are shared among 220,000 numbers of shareholders across the world located in 124 nations and their territories (HSBC-a, 2011). The company has a unique international pedigree. A number of HSBC’s companies had started operations years ago and they have all attained extreme success and prosperity. The company is named after the founding member, Hong Kong and Shanghai Corporation Limited which was set up in the year 1965 for financing the upcoming trade between Europe and China (HSBC-a, 2011). Industry Analysis The global financial industry including banks suffered a major setback after the advent of the financial crisis that engulfed t he entire financial markets. After a period of continuous slowdown the banking industry is expected to witness positive growth rates following improvements in the overall macroeconomic outlook of the world. This was mainly possible because of the strong support provided by the governments to bailout the financial institutions who were on the brink of a severe crisis. A study by the Boston Consulting group pegs the total value of market capitalisation of the global banking industry at 6.4 trillion US dollars which is more than double of the figures of the previous years. The total shareholder returns offered by the banking industry was at its highest since the onset of global recession in 2003 and as valued at 47.1 percent (The Boston Consulting Group, 2010, p.1-2). Figure 1: World Economic Outlook Projections (Source: Reserve Bank of India, 2011, p.17) The figure above indicates a strong positive outlook for the forthcoming years. The interesting part of this is that along with the developing economies the positive trend can also be traced to the developed economies who bore the maximum brunt of the economic recession (Reserve Bank of India, 2011, p.15-20). The analysis of the markets reveals a situation of

English Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

English Class - Essay Example The piece is evidently written in the past tense recalling the young Langston bowed on the mourning benches in his wishful attempt to see Jesus, but resorting to lie after failing to do so. The expressions of remorse after the event ended and young Langston’s loss of faith are also written from Old Langston’s perspective. The concluding paragraph further reinforces the fact that the story is indeed written from a man’s perspective as opposed to a boy’s perspective when it states â€Å"†¦ for I was a big boy twelve years old †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Langston). Some people believe that â€Å"Salvation† was written as a part of Langston Hughes’ autobiography â€Å"The Big Sea† (Carrillo). However, the biography holds but an excerpt of the response Langston obtained from his story â€Å"Salvation†. His style of narrating his memory about the events at church allows the reader to relate to his story and evaluate the writer accordingly. It feels as though â€Å"Salvation† is a window to Langston Hughes’ life through which he let the readers learn from and intrude upon his youth. It gives the reader a feeling of knowing the author personally. â€Å"Salvation† seems to be an autobiographical piece through which Langston Hughes has shared his experiences and declared how events had molded his journey through

Dominican Republic Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Dominican Republic Sports - Essay Example Based on the recognized significance of the study of sports in a nation, a certain view of the nation can be achieved. Such objective is aimed to be achieved in the study to recognize and gain a substantial knowledge on the characteristics of countries in the Caribbean. The Dominican Republic is the main focus of the study, along with the famous sports in the country and the significance of the said activities in the history and the culture of the country as well. The Dominican Republic is one of the island countries found in the Caribbean region. Due to the geographical characteristic of the said country, it is famous for water activities and sports. To be able to determine and recognize the main characteristic of the nation and the people there are different factors that can be considered. Included in these factors are the sports that can be considered as famous in the country (Brown 1999) Sports are recognized as one of the facets that can describe a nation due to the fact that it can be related to the different aspects of the society. These factors that are considered essential are the physical aspects such as the geography, the people and the history of the country. Sports can be considered wrapped up in every stage of the nation's history, is related to the geographic characteristics of the country and even the attitudes and customs of the people (Mccomb 2004). The Dominican Republic is composed of a variety of sports. This can be attributed to the fact that the country is also reach in the different forms of geographical forms ranging form the highlands towards the different form of water bodies. The sports that are famous in this island country can also be related to the locations such as the land and the water sports (Brown 1999). Sports Played in the Dominican Republic Being accepted as one of the main categories in the determination of the characteristics of the nation, the sports being played by the nation can be identified along with arts and culture. The Dominican Republic can be described as one of the nations in the Caribbean that can attract visitors on the basis of the different attractions. One of these attractions is relation to the sports in the country (Ministry of Tourism 2006). The particular Caribbean nation is known due to the variety of sports that can be played in its territory. These types of sports can be categorized on the basis of the location where the particular sports can be played. These sports played in the Dominican Republic can either be water or land sports. A. Water Sports Water sports are played in the Dominican Republic such as windsurfing and jet skiing due to the combined scenery and the fact that the island is wrapped around with water bodies. Sailing and boat tours can also be added to the list of the water sports available in the country. Other sea sports and recreations can also be considered such as scuba diving and deep sea fishing (Ministry of Tourism 2006). 1. Snorkeling and Deep Sea Diving The said sports can be considered as one of the most famous sports in the country being an island. Ecotourism is one of the weapons that can attract tourist in the country. There are many sites that are known for

Visualize Poetry Essay Example for Free

Visualize Poetry Essay Through the ages of poetry, many poets have been making images with the expressions that they use to become leaders in creating the art of language. Several authors of the poems that we study daily use personification to make animals and objects do things that people do everyday to give the poem a twist. Poets also use imagery to give their readers a good portrait of what they are trying to describe. â€Å"Southbound on the Freeway† by May Swenson and â€Å"Once by the Ocean† by Robert Frost include these two terms. These poems, â€Å"Southbound on the Freeway† and â€Å"Once by the Ocean† are similar to each other in certain poetic descriptions, but they also have some that are unlike. One way these two poems are similar to each other is where the author uses many choices of poetic terms to get his audience’s attention. First, personification is found abundantly throughout each poem. For example, Swenson’s poem uses the personification like â€Å"Their feet are round and roll† (7) and â€Å"They have four eyes. The two in the back are red† (11, 12). As well in the Frost’s poem includes personification such as â€Å"The clouds were low and hairy in the skies† (5) and â€Å"Like locks blown forward in the gleam of eyes† (6). Those descriptions are very interesting and grab the reader’s attention. In addition to personification in these poems, there is imagery in â€Å"Southbound on the Freeway† and â€Å"Once by the Pacific† also. Swenson uses imagery such as â€Å"They have four eyes. The two in the back are red† (11, 12) and â€Å"Sometimes you can see a five-eyed one with a red eye turning on the top of his head† (13). Frost also uses imagery like â€Å"Great waves looked over others coming in† (2). As you see these poems are both similar by both using figurative language. Next, a second similarity in these poems is how they chose to write these with patterns. First, alliteration is a key term they used in writing these poems. In â€Å"Southbound on the Freeway†, Swenson use alliteration such as â€Å"Those soft shapes, shadowy inside the hard bodies† (23). In â€Å"Once by the Pacific†, Frost uses it in â€Å"The shore was lucky being backed by cliff, the cliff in being backed by continent† (8, 9). Secondly, assonance is another pattern similarity between these great poems. In â€Å"Southbound on the Freeway†, Swenson uses assonance in the following line â€Å"Sometimes you can see a five-eyed one, with a red eye turning† (13). In â€Å"Once by the Pacific†, Frost uses assonance in the following â€Å"Great waves over others coming in† (2). As you see in both of these poems, the epic poets used a great amount of sound patterns. While these poems both have many similarities, they also have a couple of differences hidden beneath them. First, the rhyme scheme is unlike each other. In Swenson’s poem, there is not any rhyme scheme included, but in Frost’s poem, the rhyme scheme is very noticeable and catchy. These are the first three rhymes. â€Å"The shattered water made a misty din. Great waves looked over others coming in, and thought of doing something to the shore That water never did to land before. The clouds were low and hairy in the skies, Like locks blown forward in the gleam of eyes† (1-6). The second difference is how the speaker’s tone is different. In â€Å"Southbound on the Freeway†, the author’s tone is slow and somewhat careless. In â€Å"Once by the Pacific†, Swenson’s tone is intense and fierce that keeps that readers attention. This shows how Swenson’s poem keeps the author’s attention longer. In these ways, â€Å"Southbound on the Freeway† and â€Å"Once by the Ocean† are very diverse. In conclusion, these poems, â€Å"Southbound on the Freeway† and â€Å"Once by the Ocean† are similar to each other in certain poetic descriptions, but they still have some terms that are unlike. After studying these two poems, it is far easier to find the poetic terms. In the future, readers of these poems should be ready for finding multiple poetic terms and differences of â€Å"Southbound on the Freeway† and â€Å"Once by the Ocean†.

Asian Tourism Comparison And Effect On Economic Growth Tourism Essay

Asian Tourism Comparison And Effect On Economic Growth Tourism Essay Tourism is one of key industry in the development of some countries in Asia. Malaysia, itself depend on tourism in its nation growth. In Asia, country like Malaysia has benefited a lot from the development of its tourism industry. The developments of tourism in Asia are differing amongst countries. Natural disaster such as air pollution, floods and earthquake will bring an effect on the tourism industry in Asia. There has been previous research regarding to tourism which study the relationship between natural disaster and tourism. In the year of 2010, hazardous flooding in Pakistan has influence its economy growth. Decision-making by tourists on travel plan is influenced by economic, technological, international or political, sociocultural and environmental factors including those directly related to environmental and natural hazards ( Mathieson and Wall, 1993). According to Sinclair and Stabler (1997), the range of goods and services encompassing tourism include natural resources and especially the non-price feature and the positive benefits derived from attractive environment and the negative effect of pollution. Sinclair and Stabler noted that the perceived cost of travel increases by the realization of natural disaster has effect tourism at all. The research by Campos, (1999) stated that there was relationship between tropical cyclone (natural disaster) and the income of hotels (tourism industry), meanwhile Chang (1983) found that hurricane and other natural disaster can decreases revenues to a municipality through reduce tourism revenues, although the increases assistant by Federal Government to the effect area. Comparison and effect of tourism in Asia on the development of economy can be discussed specifically by making comparison between the chosen countries. The countries included on the list of this study were Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines, Indonesia,Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambondia. 1.3.1 Malaysia The research by Mohd Hafiz Hanafiah and Mohd Fauzi Mohd Harun in June 2010 regarding to tourism in Malaysia show that tourism in Malaysia is the third largest industry after oil and automobiles. Malaysian economy will increase due to the increase in tourism sector. Number of tourists visits Malaysia is a major factor which influences the Malaysian economy alone. During Asian Financial Crisis 1997, number of tourists declined and reached a new record after the economic stalemate. There was another research which shows how tourists influence the growth of tourism in some countries. According to Song and Witt (2000), they described tourist products as the amount of tourism demand that the consumers are willing to acquire during a specific period of time and under certain conditions which controlled by the explanatory factors used in the demand equation. Smeral (1988) and Syriopoulos and Sinclair (1993) empirically examined the relationships between the variables underlying the determinants of tourism demand. Lim (1997), Song and Witt (2000) and Song et al. (2003), used econometrics forecasting model to which forecasts changed as a result of changes in the variables that act as economic drivers of tourism. Loeb (1982), Nordstrom (1996), Uysal and Crompton (1982) have used the demand function approach to identify the quantitative relationships of tourism demand. Jorgensen (1996) and Muller (1999) have focus on the statistical properties of an important time serie s, namely on the international tourist demand. 1.3.2 Singapore In Singapore the research analysis on tourism was done by Xianming Meng, Mahinda Siriwardana, Brian Dollery and Stuart Mounter in June 2010 on the impact of the World Financial crisis in 2008 by using CGE analysis. They found that tourism industry is one of the important sectors in Singapore that contribute to the increase in the country economy development. Singapore tourism was greatly effect during the World Financial Crisis in 2008. It shows on Singapore Tourism Board (2009), tourism declined 13.5% in the first half of 2009 compared with the first half of 2008. Blake and Sinclair (2003) used a 98-sector CGE model of the US economy to estimate the impact of 911-event in the absence of any offsetting policy response which is when the fall in the tourism expenditures reduces GDP and it will worsen the government budget and under different policy responses. Blake et al. (2003) use CGE model to analyse the impact of Foot and Mouth decease (FMD) on tourism and the UK economy. From the model it can be consider that there is a fall on the real GDP, declining in exports, increase in BOP deficit and falls in government revenue. 1.3.3 Brunei The research by Kwabena A. Anaman and Chee N. Looi in September 2000 was on Economic impact of haze-related air pollution on the tourism industry in Brunei Darussalam.They found that haze-related air pollution is a major problem why Brunei has a problem on increasing their number of visitors comes to their country. The causes of this problem in Brunei tourism is because of the pollution that happen and country losses about one million to the tourism industry.   The pollution and human health effects tourists to visit Brunei and this will decreased the benefits of Brunei economy. 1.3.4 Philippines In Philippines, study by (October 2000) by P.L. Cadiz and H.P. Calumpong (2000) on the revenues gained from tourism show that Philippines has a potential to increase in the tourism industry especially in Apo Island. According to White and Dobias 1990, the overall cost and benefits of tourism development options showed from a particularly of who is incurring the cost and who is benefiting. They also agree that tourist will visits Philippines because of the beautiful beaches and marine parks. From study of White 1996, the entire island coral reef was declared a marine reserve and a small portion a fish sanctuary in 1986 and this boost the economy growth. 1.3.5 Indonesia Local Economic Impacts of Dragon tourism in Indonesia (2000) by Matthew J. Walpole and Harold J. Goodwin (2000) in their study of Local Economic Impacts of Dragon tourism found that tourism in Indonesia is an important industry to increase Indonesia economy so they can compete with other country. The number of tourists visit Indonesia will be show from the environment of this country. According to Goodwin, Kent, parker and Walpole 1997 and1998, many international tourism emerged rather than industrialize countries. Brohman 1996, believe that tourism industry are increasingly being promoted in rural areas as a means to combat the historic trends of dependency and inequality. From Boo 1992 perspective, ecotourism is increasingly held to embody both sustainable development ideals and conservation. 1.3.6 Thailand The study by Aswin Sangpikul and Ardash Batra (2007) on perpective of Thai Youths regarding to ecotourim found that Thai youths had a general knowledge and experience on ecotourism industry. The study is to decide their knowledge and attitude towards ecotourism as well as to survey their travel experiences relating to ecotourism. From the statement of Walailak University, 1997, they believe that people are regarded as one of the key factors for the success of ecotourism development. The study shows that Thai youths still have a limited knowledge on ecotourism but they understood the meaning of ecotourism.   Thai youths also have a problem to know on how ecotourism can effect on Thailand tourism. Besides, youths on Thailand like to visit places that are maintained and preserved beauty and pureness.From the previous study of Tonekaew, 1998 and Kunarucks, 2000, two concerned parties have been identified to provide more knowledge and promote ecotourism among Thai youths, namely educati onal institutes and government agencies. 1.3.7 Vietnam Professor Malcolm cooper (1998) makes a research about the roles of IT in the development of tourism. He found that IT playing important roles in developing a national tourism industry based on the sustainable development model.   Vietnam is located in both a tropical and a temperate zone. This is because it is a fastest way to inform others about the tourism industry in Vietnam. The study is to compare the information provided by current systems, and managing development while preserving the value of the cultural and physical environment. Besides, Vietnam contributes on the increase in the countrys GDP. Good environment quality leads country to have more tourists visiting Vietnam. 1.3.8 Laos Steven Schipani (2006) study how tourism benefitted Upland Rubber Cultivation in Laos. In the study, he found that Laos tourism will reach a million of tourists arrive over a year. The study of Laoss tourism estimated that visitors are interested in the countrys natural and cultural attractions.   The study of Laos industry is to examine the ecotourism as an alternative to Upland Rubber cultivation in the Nam Ha National protected Area, Luang Namtha. Ecotourism in Luang Namtha generate financial benefits for local people, providing small group for cultural exchange, minimising adverse cultural and environmental impacts and generating public funds for environmental and cultural protection. Ecotourism activities and rubber plantations can both be conducted independently. 1.3.9 Cambodia Kathryn Conway (2008) whom make a research of ecotourism, poverty, and conservation in Prek Toal found that ecotourism revenues can be analyzed using poor subsistence fishing village on Cambodias Tonle sap lake, the conservation organization Osmose to finance poverty intervention programs and promote conservation in a threatened ecosystem. This study is to examine the local perceptions of tourism. According to Valene Smith, shes defines tourism as a temporary and voluntary travel to a place away from home for the purpose of experiencing a change. In Cambodia tourism, the level of general awareness of tourists activities is low in the community wide. Besides there is a limitation on the perceptions of any negative impacts associated with tourism. 1.4 Method and Analysis used by Researcher in The Past Method and the way analysis which has been used by previous researcher are vital in this research and therefore it will bring great advantages in this research especially in chapter 3 which will be discussed later. Mohd Hafiz Hanafiah and Mohd Fauzi Mohd Harun (June 2010) study on Malaysia tourism use Gravity model and economic data to analyse the tourism demand in Malaysia. Xianming Meng, Mahinda Siriwardana, Brian Dollery and Stuart Mounter ( June 2010) study on Singapore tourism use CGE models, data and parameters to estimate the negative effects of the 2008 world Finacial Crisis. Kwabena A. Anaman and Chee N. Looi (Septemver 2000) using OLS regression Model and Linear and log-linear on the visitor and tourist..P.L. Cadiz and H.P. Calumpong (October 2000) study on Philippines tourism used questionnaire to determine the number of tourists visiting Apo Island every month other than monitor the number of visitors diving and snorkelling outside and inside the marine sanctuary. Meanwhile, Matthew J. Walpole and Harold J. Goodwin (2000) study on Indonesia tourism used macroeconomics techniques ,questionnaire and ANOVA test to examine the magnitude and distribution of tourism employment and revenue generation in communities in an Indonesian Park.Aswin Sangpikul and Ardash Batra (2007) study on Thailand tourism used questionnaire and ANOVA test to decide their knowledge and attitude towards ecotourism as well as to survey their travel experiences relating to ecotourism.. Professor Malcolm cooper (1998) study on Vietnam tourism, Steven Schipani (2006) study on Laos tourism use data management and forecasting method. Kathryn Conway (2008) study on Cambodia tourism used fieldwork timeline, translator / assistant, sampling, consent process, data collection and data management  to examine the local perceptions of tourism. 1.5 Conclusion As every of us knew tourism play a big role in the development of economy in some countries. Issue such as natural disaster certainly degrades the growth of tourism in the country and of course economy as well. In this research, the event of how the situation of tourism in some countries in Asia will be used in completing this research successfully. Besides, the method and analysis used by previous researcher will give a big help in this research as it will help the researcher in the formation of questionnaire and other relevant analysis. And this will include how tourist had a strong relationship in the development of tourism economy.

Facism in America :: essays research papers

Since mainstream left-liberal media do not seriously ask this question, the analysis of what has gone wrong and where we are heading has been mostly off-base. Investigation of the kinds of under-handed, criminal tactics fascist regimes undertake to legitimize their agenda and accelerate the rate of change in their favor is dismissed as indulging in "conspiracy theory." Liberals insist that this regime must be treated under the rules of "politics as usual." But this doesn't consider that one election has already been stolen, and that September's repeat of irregularities in Florida was a clear warning that more such thuggery is on the way. If the "f" word is uttered, liberals are quick to note certain obvious dissimilarities with previous variants of fascism and say that what is happening in America is not fascist. It took German justice minister Herta Daeubler-Gmelin to make the comparison explicit (under present American rules of political discourse, sh e has been duly sacked from her cabinet post); but at the liberal New York Times or The Nation, American writers dare not speak the truth. The masked assertion that we are immune to the virus ignores degrees of convergence and distinction based on the individual patient's history. The Times and other liberal voices have been obsessed over the last year with the rise of minority fascist parties in the Netherlands, France, and other European countries. They have questioned the tastefulness of new books and movies about Hitler, and again demonized such icons of Nazism as Leni Riefenstahl. Is this perhaps a displacement of American anxiety onto the safer European scene, liberal intellectuals here not wanting to confront the troubling truth? The pace of events in the last year has been almost as blindingly fast as it was after Hitler's Machtergreifung and the consolidation of fascist power in 1933. Speed stuns and silences. The proposed Iraqi adventure, which is only the first step in a more ambitious militarist agenda, has been opposed by the most conservative warmongers of past administrations. If the test of any theory is its predictive capacity, Bush's extreme risk-taking is better explained by the fascist model. Purely economic motives are a large part of the story, but there is a deeper derivation that exceeds such mundane rationales. Several of the apparent contradictions in Bush's governance make perfect sense if the fascist prism is applied, but not with the normal perspective. To pose the question doesn't mean that this is a completed project; at any point, anything can happen to shift the course of history in a different direction.

The Impact of the Tuberculosis Vaccine Essay -- Biology Medical Biomed

The Impact of the Tuberculosis Vaccine Abstract Tuberculosis is one of the most infectious diseases in the world. With almost one third of the world infected with this virus, people are striving to help prevent the spread of this disease (NIAID, 2001). One prevention technique for tuberculosis is the BCG (Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin) vaccine. In the early twentieth century Calmette and Guerin worked together to isolate a strain of the disease creating the first BCG vaccine. Throughout the century the scientists improved the BCG vaccine and today there are several different strains of the vaccine available. However, even today its full effects on the disease are unknown. The exploration of the effects of the vaccine, the best administration techniques, and who should be vaccinated continues. Throughout the Twentieth Century, Tuberculosis has impacted people around the world. While some countries see the impacts of tuberculosis less than others, the threat of this infectious disease looms across the horizon. Today, this organism affects one third of the population and is one of the most threatening of infectious diseases (NIAID, 2001). The BCG vaccine (Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin), is administrated in many high risk countries to combat the disease. Although scientists have improved the vaccine throughout the nineteenth century and the vaccine helps to combat some tuberculosis, its prevention is still far from perfect. The BCG vaccine is formed from a live strain of Mycobacterium bovis (WHO, 2005). The Mycobacterium bovis strain is taken from cows. It is a relative of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, which affects humans; however, Mycobacterium bovis affects cows and humans alike. Isolating a strain of this living organism... ...h. 7/25/2005: http://www.pedresearch.org/cgi/content/full/55/2/347 2. Fine, P. and Carneiro I. et al. (1999, November). Issues relating the use of BCG in immunization programmes. World Health Organization. 7/19/2005: http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF99/www9943.pdf 3. Ginsberg A. (2001, January). Tuberculosis Vaccine. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 7/19/2005: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/dmid/tuberculosis/tbvaccine.htm 4. Keep Kids Healthy. (2001, April). Tuberculosis in Children. Keep Kids Healthy. 7/21/2005: http://www.keepkidshealthy.com/welcome/infectionsguide/tuberculosis.html 5. WHO. (2005). BCG-the current vaccine for tuberculosis. World Health Organization. 7/25/2005: http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/tb/vaccine_development/bcg/en/print.html 6. Yancey, D. 2001. Tuberculosis. Brookfield: Twenty-First Century Books.

Is Money an Effective Motivator at Work?

When I saw this topic, my first reaction is yes. Because we are all work for money, which could support our family, for eating, dressing, traveling, shopping and so on. To be honest, money could bring everything, including happiness. So it is impossible for someone to work hard without money. But after second thought, I realized that there are some other motivators of work, such as self-interest, social status, or some other reasons. About working is for money and power, the impetus of ordinary workers is inseparable from the topic. Intermediate managers, especially Chinese, insist that money is the most powerful force. All things are obedient to money,really? Money – poor credit card, is it always a powerful motivator of performance? Theorists of Authoritative organization think that the policy with sticks and carrot can make the workers work, this type of carrot-and-stick could really use in the industrial revolution. Most economists who hold the concept of â€Å"economic man† has a similar view. To these views, Psychologist’s reactions are very strong. They cited some surveys as evidence. What is the most important factor? When the workers were asked about the work of judgment, â€Å"pay† generally is in the sixth, located after safety, colleagues at work, tastes, benefits, etc. Recently, some other survey found that pension and other benefits are of importance than salary. But money is not the only power. Work safety, fitting, a caring environment is motivation. About the power of work, I discussed with some classmates who have been working for several months. In the process of chat, students think work environment including leadership, colleagues and environment construction, people always think a good leader is the greatest power, their work colleagues of harmony and comfortable working environment is the premise that oneself like work, have harmonious environment is happy. When it comes to work, students from better family condition don not care for salary; while from poor families generally care salary a lot. About when they start working passion, everyone has many words to say, also have their own experience and the experience in the work can be said that at the beginning of every time, any work is ok. but with the time passed by, some people began to reflect on their behavior and pay, a few people began to complain that the blame, not to let oneself introspect neself. I have summarized the work force like our first job, to love our work and commitment in the present work, as his own life for most, can do his work, work motivation is quite enough, Work with high pay is the important factor generated power, Good working environment and harmonious interpersonal relationship is the leader of the work force, charger Leadership is highly beneficial supplement of the work force, it’s difficult for you not want to have power with the above conditions . Actually, every job contains many personal growth opportunities, when young just entered society; they should not concern too much about money, but the consideration of salary. We should pay attention to the work itself could brings what reward to us. As the development of oneself, increase their ability of social experience, enhance personal personality charm is more meaningful. And compared to work experience and acquired skills, a small salary is not so important. The boss pays you money, and you give his lifelong benefit, this can make you priceless. Facing the job, we should put more long-term vision, to see their future development, to see your future career. Because of our hard work, we can learn knowledge, experience, competence and skill, which laid the solid foundation for the future career. So, even though we now look like a silly person, and could get only little money, the harvest will come soon.

An Occurence at owl Creek Bridge by Ambrose Bierce Essay

â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge†, is one of the best American short stories and is considered Ambrose Bierce’s greatest work. First published in Bierce’s short story collection â€Å"Tales of Soldiers and Civilians† in 1891, this story is about Peyton Farquhar, a southern farmer who is about to be hanged by the Union Army for trying to set the railroad bridge at Owl Creek on fire. While Farquhar is standing on the bridge with a rope around his neck, Bierce leads the reader to think that the rope snaps and he falls into the river, and then makes an amazing escape and finally returns to his farm, to be reunited with his wife. However the ending of the story is totally different, in fact, Farquhar is hanged and these imaginings take place seconds before his death. Ambrose Bierce’s trick ending succeeds because of the way he manipulated the text by changing the narrative point of view from one type to another. â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek B ridge† is divided into three sections, with each section having a different narrative form. In the first section, the author uses dramatic narration: the story is told by no one. With the disappearance of the narrator, the reader is now the direct and immediate witness to the unfolding drama. The reader views the work from the outside. In the beginning of this story the readers are informed of all the preparations for a man about to be hanged: the set up for the hanging, the characters involved and the surroundings. The narrator gives an incredible and beautiful snapshot of the scene describing the water, the guards, and his restraints. â€Å"†¦Vertical in front of the left shoulder, the hammer rested on the forearm thrown strait across the chest- a formal and unnatural position† (Bierce pg. 90, line 10). This type of narration is the least personal and the reader receives the least information on the character’s thoughts and feelings. Although the author describes details, the reader has to fill the blanks as to what actions and events lead up to the situation. The reason for this type of narration in the first section of the story is to get the readers curiosity going. One wonders what Peyton Farquhar could have done to be hanged; was he alone in what he did, why is he involved in a military issue when he is a civilian? In paragraph six and seven and through the second section, the author changes his point of view to one which is third person omniscient: all knowing. The  omniscient narrator is not a character in the story and is not involved with what happens. He imposes his presence between the reader and the story and controls all the events. From an outside point of view, the narrator provides enough information to summarize, interpret and wonder. As the story evolves, the reader begins to read thoughts of the characters: Farquhar, his wife and the soldiers. The reader becomes involved in Farquhar’s life as the narrator summarizes his situation. The reader is told of him being a planter and owning slaves, that he is a secessionist and devoted to the Southern cause. Nevertheless, the narrator leads the reader to believe Farquhar and his wife are kind people, she fetched the water for the soldier to drink with her â€Å"own white hands† (Bierce pg.92, line 15) instead of ordering one on her colored slaves to do it. Farquhar’s principles and devotion towards the south is explained in this section and the reader gets to know who he really is. This makes the reader feel sympathetic towards him and his wife. The purpose of the omniscient narrator in the 2nd section is to give information of the characters and to get a glimpse into Farquhars life. The reader finds out how devoted his wife is to her husband. The reader can now relate to Farqhuar and understand how and why he got caught trying to destroy the bridge. Section three is intended to create suspense. Bierce wants the reader to believe that what is being described actually happens. In order for the reader to believe that what is being described is actually happening, the story must be narrated from the characters point of view (limited omniscient point of view). With a limited omniscient point of view, the narrator limits his or her ability to penetrate the mind of a single character. The reader may be shown the character’s voice, feelings and thoughts through dialogue, monologue or stream of consciousness. As a result, the reader becomes more and more directly involved in interpreting the story. By using this point of view all of what Farquhar is experiencing seems so real. The advantages of the limited omniscient point of view are the tightness of focus and control that it provides. If the third section was told in an omniscient point of view, the author would have not been able to fool the reader, for he would have â€Å"seen† what was really happening. Seeing the whole action and knowing the soldiers thoughts would have given away the ending. â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† was written in three different sections, with each having a different narrative form. The first, using dramatic point of view, describes where the action takes place. The second, omniscient point of view lets the reader comprehend the victim’s thoughts and actions. And finally, the third section, limited omniscient point of view creates suspense by being only in one mind. With the ability to switch from one form to another, Bierce was able to create a tale of intrigue, captivation and a twist-ending.

Consolidated and Nonprofit Entities Research Paper

Consolidated and Nonprofit Entities - Research Paper Example This is entirely contrary to statutory consolidation. To understand the concept further, an article on the same subject has been analyzed and contemplated. The article chosen for analysis is the â€Å"Financing Cayman Statutory Mergers – Issues for Lenders† written by Ashley Davies. This article talks about the â€Å"take private transaction† financing which makes use of the Cayman Island Statutory merger working under Cayman Island Companies Law. This article is potential because it raises many Cayman law issues related to lenders. This article attempts to explore some of the crucial points which parties involved in transaction need to be aware of. According to ( Davis 1) â€Å"The Cayman Islands legislature introduced the statutory merger regime in May 2009, and it has quickly become recognized as a simple and effective way to take private listed companies, with many advantages over previously available option†. In this article, the description is about the merger involving Cayman Islands newly incorporated company with an existing company. Problem Statement; According to Ashley Davis, the statutory merger is supposed to be a complex phenomenon. However the Cayman Island Companies is confident about their merger with its private owned companies. But the author here is skeptical about merger process as he finds many dangerous loop holes in it. This article raises many critical issue related to statutory merger and â€Å"take private transaction† issue is one among them .First critical factor in the article can be seen as the take private transaction in context to statutory merger. This factor has a major role to play when it comes to statutory merger because it relates to the merging of private companies. A "take-private transaction† means that a large private-equity group, or a consortium of private-equity firms, purchases or acquires the stock of a publicly traded corporation Another critical factor raised in the article

The marketing and management policies of Burton Company Essay

The marketing and management policies of Burton Company - Essay Example Marketing policies of Burton Company is aimed to offer a high quality services to everyone who wants excellent sport equipment, from professional sportsmen to common citizens who want high quality goods. Taking into account the present day situation, the strategy followed by Burton Company is to ensure long-term success based on brand loyalty, non-price competition and high-income market segment. Recent years, Burton Company has shifted its global focus to core brands and price reduction measures. This strategy has helped Burton Company to maintained high-speed growth through continuous optimization of its product mix and constant technological innovation. International activity allows the company to address wider target audience and create core of loyal supporters around the world. For instance, "Both Burton Sportartikel and Burton Japan function as important links between Burton North America and its retailers and consumers in those regions. In addition, these offices service the operational and marketing needs of international distributors and dealers" (Burton Snowboards, 2006). International activity is crucial for a company to ensure its market position and long-term success. "With new direct link to the Asian market, Burton Snowboards was now truly a global company" (Burton Snowboards, 2006). Today, Burton Company follows a differentiation strategy and ensures that the higher price it charges for its higher quality is not priced too far above the competition or else customers will not see the extra quality as worth the extra cost. Focusers help Burton Company to achieve better differentiation or lower cost in separate market segments (Asia), but they also lose to broadly targeted competitors when the segment's uniqueness fades or demand disappears. The main distribution methods include local representative and offices in 36 countries worldwide, namely dealers and distributors. A unique policy applied by Burton Company helps the company to achieve its marketing strategies. Many people around the world wanted to became distributors of Burton products and "Jake decided to pick people who were dedicated to the sport of snowboarding, rather than using people already entrenched in the ski industry" (Burton Snowboards, 2006). Burton's maintain policy of product standardization i n order to sell them around the world under the same brand. Advertising and PR relations are aimed to popularize Burton brand creating an corporate image and unique selling proposition. One of the tools used by Burton is sponsorship. Sponsorship activities include: young riders at a Factory level, Burton's Global Team consisting of the best riders. Olympic Games 2002 was a turning point for Burton promoting snowboarding as a "new" sport available for millions of sport fans. Using movie industry as promotion activity (film "Apocalypse Snow") has helped Burton Company to attract attention of potential customers around the world. Advertising campaigns of Burton Company include media of different types. In Burton Company advertising involves local press and international press advertising and magazine display, billboard advertisements during sports events, internet promotion and internet sales, TV advertisements. (McDonald, Christopher, 2003). Company's management is aimed to develop and support its marketing activities in

International Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

International Business Strategy - Essay Example Productivity of the public sector is again less competent compared to that of the private sector (Bhatia and Drew, 2006). Hence, in order to improve service of the public sector, the authorities are now concentrating on a technique called â€Å"lean management† so as to achieve higher efficiency. This practice has been used extensively in the private sector over years and has shown positive results (Dixon, 2012). This technique is nowadays used in a large variety of public services like, income tax processing, health care systems and urban planning systems, to enhance quality of the service. The lean management system is particularly crucial for the public sector because this improves quality of the service as well as reduces cost of providing them (Panneerselvam, 2005). The concept of lean management has been used both in the field of services and manufacturing. The concept was originally derived from Japanese manufacturing plants. The basic concept behind the idea is that if any process in unable to create value in the process of production, then it must be eliminated. The working of lean management is based on four main principles of flow, value, value stream and pull (Feld, 2001). The first one relates to elimination of interruptions from the process of production; the second one relates to price that customers are willing to pay for the products; the third one relates to elimination of the non-value activities; and finally the fourth factor relates to streamlining the products and process, until final consumption is made (Fliedner, 2011). The use of lean production techniques was embraced by the public sector for a number of reasons, namely quality of service, cost and resolving customer issues. Proper implementation of lean management system has the capability of improving the entire operating system by altering